Hours
Hours (o’clock) are counted with ~時:
| No. | Kanji | Kana |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 一時 | いちじ |
| 2 | 二時 | にじ |
| 3 | 三時 | さんじ |
| 4 | 四時 | よじ |
| 5 | 五時 | ごじ |
| 6 | 六時 | ろくじ |
| 7 | 七時 | しちじ |
| 8 | 八時 | はちじ |
| 9 | 九時 | くじ |
| 10 | 十時 | じゅうじ |
| 11 | 十一時 | じゅういちじ |
| 12 | 十二時 | じゅうにじ |
| What time | 何時 | なんじ |
Just like with the months, the numerals 4, 7 and 9 behave specially: 4時 is 四時 (not よん), 7時 is 七時 and 9時 is 九時 (not きゅう) - that’s why they are highlighted.
For the 24-hour clock (common in train schedules and official times) you simply keep counting: 13時 十三時, 14時 十四時 … up to 24時 二十四時. Note that 4 stays よ and 9 stays く even in these larger numbers.
Minutes
Minutes are counted with ~分, and this is the trickiest part: the reading switches between ふん (fun) and ぷん (pun). You get ぷん after 1, 3, 4, 6, 8 and 10, and plain ふん after 2, 5, 7 and 9. The ぷん readings are highlighted below.
| No. | Kanji | Kana |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 一分 | いっぷん |
| 2 | 二分 | にふん |
| 3 | 三分 | さんぷん |
| 4 | 四分 | よんぷん |
| 5 | 五分 | ごふん |
| 6 | 六分 | ろっぷん |
| 7 | 七分 | ななふん |
| 8 | 八分 | はっぷん |
| 9 | 九分 | きゅうふん |
| 10 | 十分 | じゅっぷん |
| じっぷん | ||
| 15 | 十五分 | じゅうごふん |
| 20 | 二十分 | にじゅっぷん |
| 30 | 三十分 | さんじゅっぷん |
| 40 | 四十分 | よんじゅっぷん |
| 45 | 四十五分 | よんじゅうごふん |
| 50 | 五十分 | ごじゅっぷん |
| How many min. | 何分 | なんぷん |
For any minute, combine the tens with the ones, and the last digit decides ふん or ぷん: 21 = 二十一分, 25 = 二十五分. There is also a special word for “half past” - 半 - so 30 minutes past the hour is usually said as 半 rather than 三十分.
Seconds
Seconds are counted with ~秒. This one is easy - there are no sound changes at all, just the number plus びょう:
| No. | Kanji | Kana |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 一秒 | いちびょう |
| 2 | 二秒 | にびょう |
| 3 | 三秒 | さんびょう |
| 4 | 四秒 | よんびょう |
| 5 | 五秒 | ごびょう |
| 6 | 六秒 | ろくびょう |
| 7 | 七秒 | ななびょう |
| 8 | 八秒 | はちびょう |
| 9 | 九秒 | きゅうびょう |
| 10 | 十秒 | じゅうびょう |
| How many sec. | 何秒 | なんびょう |
Larger numbers follow the same regular pattern: 30 = 三十秒, 100 = 百秒.
Putting it together
To say a full time, just put the parts in order - hours, then minutes, then seconds:
三時二十五分 = 3:25
Japanese normally uses AM and PM rather than the bare 24-hour clock in conversation. The word for AM goes before the time, the word for PM too:
- 午前 = AM (literally “before noon”)
- 午後 = PM (literally “after noon”)
- 半 = half past (30 minutes)
- 正午 = noon (12:00)
So 7:30 in the morning is 午前七時半, and 2:15 in the afternoon is 午後二時十五分.
And to ask for the time: 今何時ですか。 - “What time is it now?”